Photodiode
Photodiode
Definition: A special type of PN junction device that generates current when exposed to light is known as Photodiode. It is also known as photodetector or photosensor. It operates in reverse biased mode and converts light energy into electrical energy.
The figure below shows the symbolic representation of a photodiode:
Principle of Photodiode
It works on the principle of Photoelectric effect.
The operating principle of the photodiode is such that when the junction of this two-terminal semiconductor device is illuminated then the electric current starts flowing through it. Only minority current flows through the device when the certain reverse potential is applied to it.
Construction of Photodiode
The figure below shows the constructional detail of a photodiode:
The PN junction of the device placed inside a glass material. This is done to order to allow the light energy to pass through it. As only the junction is exposed to radiation, thus, the other portion of the glass material is painted black or is metallised.
The overall unit is of very small dimension nearly about 2.5 mm.
It is noteworthy that the current flowing through the device is in micro-ampere and is measured through an ammeter.
Operational Modes of Photodiode
Photodiode basically operates in two modes:
- Photovoltaic mode: It is also known as zero-bias mode because no external reverse potential is provided to the device. However, the flow of minority carrier will take place when the device is exposed to light.
- Photoconductive mode: When a certain reverse potential is applied to the device then it behaves as a photoconductive device. Here, an increase in depletion width is seen with the corresponding change in reverse voltage.
Let us now understand the detailed circuit arrangement and working of the photodiode.
Working of Photodiode
In the photodiode, a very small reverse current flows through the device that is termed as dark current. It is called so because this current is totally the result of the flow of minority carriers and is thus flows when the device is not exposed to radiation.
The electrons present in the p side and holes present in n side are the minority carriers. When a certain reverse-biased voltage is applied then minority carrier, holes from n-side experiences repulsive force from the positive potential of the battery.
Similarly, the electrons present in the p side experience repulsion from the negative potential of the battery. Due to this movement electron and hole recombine at the junction resultantly generating depletion region at the junction.
Due to this movement, a very small reverse current flows through the device known as dark current.
The combination of electron and hole at the junction generates neutral atom at the depletion. Due to which any further flow of current is restricted.
Now, the junction of the device is illuminated with light. As the light falls on the surface of the junction, then the temperature of the junction gets increased. This causes the electron and hole to get separated from each other.
At the two gets separated then electrons from n side gets attracted towards the positive potential of the battery. Similarly, holes present in the p side get attracted to the negative potential of the battery.
This movement then generates high reverse current through the device.
With the rise in the light intensity, more charge carriers are generated and flow through the device. Thereby, producing a large electric current through the device.
This current is then used to drive other circuits of the system.
So, we can say the intensity of light energy is directly proportional to the current through the device.
Only positive biased potential can put the device in no current condition in case of the photodiode.
Modes of operation of a Photodiode
Photodiode operates in three different modes. They are:
- Photovoltaic Mode
- Photoconductive Mode
- Avalanche Diode Mode
Let us take a brief look at these mode.
Photovoltaic Mode
This is otherwise called as Zero Bias Mode. When a photodiode operates in low frequency applications and ultra-level light applications, this mode is preferred. When photodiode is irradiated by a flash of light, voltage is produced. The voltage produced will have a very small dynamic range and it has a non-linear characteristic. When photodiode is configured with OP-AMP in this mode, there will be a very less variation with temperature.
Photoconductive Mode
In this mode, the photodiode will act in a reverse-biased condition. The cathode will be positive and the anode will be negative. When the reverse voltage increases, the width of the depletion layer also increases. Due to this the response time and junction capacitance will be reduced. Comparatively this mode of operation is fast and produces electronic noise.
Transimpedance amplifiers are used as preamplifiers for photodiodes. Modes of Such amplifiers keep the voltage maintains to be constant to make the photodiode operate in the photoconductive mode.
Avalanche Diode Mode
In this mode, Avalanche Diode operates at a high reverse bias condition. It allows the multiplication of an Avalanche Breakdown to each photo-produced electron-hole pair. Hence, this produces internal gain within the photodiode. The internal gain increases the device response.
Connecting a Photodiode in an External Circuit
A Photodiode operates in a circuit in reverse bias. An anode is connected to the circuit ground and a cathode to a positive supply voltage of the circuit. When illuminated by light, current flows from the cathode to the anode.
When photodiodes are used with external circuits, they are connected to a power source in the circuit. The amount of current produced by a photodiode will be very small. This value of current will not be enough to drive an electronic device. So when they are connected to an external power source, it delivers more current to the circuit. So, battery is used as a power source. The battery source helps to increase the current value, which helps the external devices to have a better performance
Characteristics of Photodiode
The figure below shows the VI characteristic curve of a photodiode:
Here, the vertical line represents the reverse current flowing through the device and the horizontal line represents the reverse-biased potential.
The first curve represents the dark current that generates due to minority carriers in the absence of light.
As we can see in the above figure that all the curve shows almost equal spacing in between them. This is so because current proportionally increases with the luminous flux.
The figure below shows the curve for current versus illumination:
It is noteworthy here that, the reverse current does not show a significant increase with the increase in the reverse potential.
Advantages of Photodiode
- It shows a quick response when exposed to light.
- Photodiode offers high operational speed.
- It provides a linear response.
- It is a low-cost device.
Disadvantages of Photodiode
- It is a temperature-dependent device. And shows poor temperature stability.
- When low illumination is provided, then amplification is necessary.
Applications of Photodiode
- Photodiodes majorly find its use in counters and switching circuits.
- Photodiodes are extensively used in an optical communication system.
- Logic circuits and encoders also make use of photodiode.
- It is widely used in burglar alarm systems. In such alarm systems, until exposure to radiation is not interrupted, the current flows. As the light energy fails to fall on the device, it sounds the alarm.
- Photodiodes are used in simple day-to-day applications. The reason for their prominent use is their linear response of photodiode to light illumination.
- Photodiodes with the help of optocouplers provide electric isolation. When two isolated circuits are illuminated by light, optocouplers are used to couple the circuit optically. Optocouplers are faster compared to conventional devices.
- Photodiodes are used in safety electronics such as fire and smoke detectors.
- Photodiodes are used in numerous medical applications. They are used in instruments that analyze samples, detectors for computed tomography and also used in blood gas monitors.
- Photodiodes are used in solar cell panels.
- Photodiodes are used in logic circuits.
- Photodiodes are used in the detection circuits.
- Photodiodes are used in character recognition circuits.
- Photodiodes are used for the exact measurement of the intensity of light in science and industry.
- Photodiodes are faster and more complex than normal PN junction diodes and hence are frequently used for lighting regulation and optical communication.
In case of a typical photodiode, the normal reverse current is in tens of microampere range.
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